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A real-time clock (RTC) is an essential component in electronic devices that enables the accurate tracking of time even when the device is powered off. It plays a crucial role in various applications, ranging from simple consumer electronics like digital watches and alarm clocks to more complex systems like computers and industrial control systems.

The primary function of an RTC is to maintain an accurate and continuous record of time, date, and often day of the week. Unlike software-based clocks that rely on the devices active operation and can be affected by power interruptions, RTCs have a dedicated power source, typically a small backup battery, to ensure consistent timekeeping.

RTC modules consist of a quartz crystal oscillator that generates precise oscillations and a counter circuit that divides these oscillations to produce time measurements. Some RTCs incorporate additional features such as alarms, temperature sensors, and non-volatile memory to store configuration settings.

One of the most important applications of RTCs is in computing systems, where they provide the systems internal clock, allowing for accurate time-stamping of files, scheduling tasks, and managing network communications. RTCs also find use in industrial automation, data logging, and scientific instruments.

As technology advances, RTCs continue to evolve, becoming more accurate and energy-efficient. They play a vital role in ensuring that our devices and systems operate smoothly and reliably, keeping our lives synchronized with the passage of time.